Gothic Cathedral Essay

Gothic architecture was developed from a Christian perspective, and therefore attained its most meaningful expression in churches. Clerics began to demand taller churches with more windows than had been present in the dark, but sturdy Romanesque churches. This desire was derived from new intellectual and spiritual concepts that took a more rational view of God, and saw God encompassed many things, such as light, reason and proportion. The Gothic church displayed a visual attempt to leave behind the mysterious world of the Romanesque, and create a setting that was drawn toward light and purity that could be an image of heaven. The middle class also had a great influence on the Gothic style as they desired churches that could reflect their economic power and social status. The most magnificent characteristics of Gothic style were the use of light and relationship between structure and appearance. Other defining characteristics were that the massive thickness of the walls from Romanesque architecture were replaced with membrane-thin frameworks used for enclosure which could support nothing but their own weight. Ribbed vaults were used to allow lighter materials to be placed between stone ribs, thus reducing weight. The weight of the walls and roof were no longer supported by columns, but by external flying buttresses. They also used pointed arches and slender columns to lift the ceiling, which created an overwhelming height. Wall paintings, which had been common in the Romanesque, were now replaced with beautiful and enormous stained glass windows that allowed more light into the structures, imbuing all with a sense of warmth and color. Chartres Cathedral-Interior Chartres Cathedral–Interior The cathedral at Chartres was built during the Gothic period, and it showed an ideal of harmony within its structure and contents. Work on the cathedral started in 1194, and was mostly completed in 1220. It emphasizes strong vertical lines in its structure. The stained glass windows that are used in this cathedral, (it has 176), are recognized as the finest example from the gothic style. Today, 94% of the stained glass is original, and it is the largest, most extensive collection of medieval glass in the world. Rose windows were used. The primary subject of the great roses is the Virgin and the Child. The rose windows created wholeness and completeness. Indeed, it  has a special relationship to the Virgin Mary in that it portrayed more realistic and humane qualities of the Virgin Mary. The cathedral reflects the strong influence that God held over the people at that time. It shows an expression of piety and local identity to those that were proud to live in the vicinity of the cathedral itself. It enhanced civic pride, and was the focus of the town itself.

Ashlyfive point linguistic star Essay

We’ve allowed a natural approach to language instruction to dominate our schools, hoping our English learners â€Å"will just figure it out. † (SCOE, 2009) This approach suggested by Kevin Clark proposes that teachers explicitly teach ELL by giving them a set of skills. Teacher will have to teach students not just vocabulary, but the sound system of language, the words and their word parts and meanings, and also rules for structuring sentences grammatically. Teaching students from this perspective can support a deeper understanding of the language. When the  concept is thoroughly supported by background knowledge, explanation as to why, activities that strengthen skills, and consistency in lesson structure that follows this pattern, students are more likely to understand the concept and create a platform from which to launch higher level thinking and conclusions on following concepts and content area. Students learn more efficiently when they have prior knowledge on a presented concept. If the student can link content to a concept that they gained from previous knowledge on from their own unique background or culture, it  will inevitably spark interest in that subject area. By sparking interest the teacher is now adding value to the lesson. Since students synonymize interest with value, the teacher would prove effective. Now a sense of purpose has now been infused into the lesson, and the student/students may begin to contribute more. (NCREL, 1990) This approach is rather intriguing, and teachers should be trained in linguistics prior to teaching ELLs. I would learn the subparts of linguistics via a course: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. By learning each subpart in-depth, I can better compose lesson plans and activities that explore those areas for the ELLs to better benefit. Understanding the mechanics of a language is just as important as understanding the language itself, for both teachers and students. The concept of prior knowledge should not be limited to the students but 2 LINGUISTIC APPROACH teachers should utilize this concept for their own effective instruction. If teachers have prior knowledge of the subparts of the English language, as well as knowledge of the diverse cultures  he/she is instructing can help the teacher create and blend a comprehensive and student-inclusive lesson plan and curriculum. Prior knowledge influences how the teacher and students interact with the learning materials as both individuals and a group. (Kujawa and Huske, 1995) Prior knowledge assists in segue of appropriate instruction and retention, because it is a foundation from which to build from and facilitates the idea of making sense of the educational experience. As the students are learning from the linguistic perspective, especially under syntax and  semantics, students would be primed for grammatical instruction, also. As they learn how, where and when to use appropriate vocabulary, I will insert instruction on main grammatical principles and rules and branch off into further instruction where applicable. I would try to make sound non-confusing connections with the native language grammatical principles, so there is a prior knowledge foundation established in that arena as well. I would also have a grammar day in the middle of the week to review prior concepts and morph new grammar lessons into the lesson  plan and utilize formative assessment strategies to see what needs to be reviewed and further defined. 3 LINGUISTIC APPROACH References Kujawa, S. , & Huske, L. (1995). The Strategic Teaching and Reading Project guidebook (Rev. ed. ). Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Restructuring to promote learning in America’s schools, videoconference #2: The thinking curriculum. (1990). Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Sonoma County Office of Education. (2009) Structuring language instruction to advance stalled English learners. Aiming High Resource. Retrieved September 16 2014. 4

William Glasser

Glasser is an internationally recognized psychiatrist. William Glasser was born in 1925. He was raised in Cleveland, OH. His first profession was a Chemical Engineer but decided to go into psychiatry when it became apparent to him this was his real interest in life. He attended Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland for medical school. At Veterans Administration Hospital he took his psychiatric training also attending UCLA. He became board certified in 1961. He did private practice from 1957 to 1986. Dr. Glasser’s approach is non-traditional.He does not believe in the concept of mental illness unless there is something organically wrong with the brain that can be confirmed by a pathologist. In 1967, he founded The Institute for Reality Therapy. In 1994, The Institute was renamed The Institute for Control Theory, Reality Therapy and Quality Management to reflect the scope of The Institute’s teachings. Two years later it became The William Glasser Institute with Dr. Glasser renaming his theory, choice theory. Initially, The Institute was active only in the United States and Canada but under Dr.Glasser’s direction, his teachings have now spread to many countries (wglasser. com) Glasser is best known for his book Reality Therapy which he wrote in 1965. The idea behind this type of therapy is that people need to meet the basic needs of love both giving and receiving and the need of finding self-worth. A therapy that leads all patients toward reality, toward grappling successfully with the tangible and intangible aspects of the real world, might accurately be simply called Reality Therapy. Glasser 6) Glasser states the in order for us to fulfill our needs we must have one person that we care for and in return cares for us to meet our basic needs. Reality Therapy is based on Choice Theory. Choice theory states that: †¢all we do is behave, †¢that almost all behavior is chosen, and †¢that we are driven by our genes to satisfy fi ve basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun. There are ten axioms that go along with this theory as well they are all follows: 1. The only person whose behavior we can control is our own. 2.All we can give another person is information. 3. All long lasting psychological problems are relationship problems. 4. The problem relationship is always part of our present life. 5. What happened in the past has everything to do with what we are today, but we can only satisfy or basic needs right now and plan to continue satisfying them in the future. 6. We can only satisfy our needs by satisfying the pictures in our Quality World. 7. All we do is behave. 8. All behavior is Total Behavior and is made up of for components: acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology. . All Total Behavior is chosen, but we only have direct control over the acting and thinking components. We can only control our feeling and physiology indirectly through how we choose to act and think. 10. Al l Total Behavior is designated by verbs and named by the part that is most recognizable. (wglasser. com) Dr. Glasser is semi-retired, but is still a much sought-after speaker nationally and internationally. Some of his many accomplishments are as follows:†¢listed in Who’s Who in America since the 1970s; 1990 – awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa from the University of San Francisco; †¢2003 – presented with the ACA Professional Development Award recognizing the significant contributions made to the field of counseling; †¢2004 – presented with the â€Å"A Legend in Counseling Award† by the ACA; †¢January – 2005 presented with the prestigious Master Therapist designation by the American Psychotherapy Association; and finally, †¢2005 – presented with the Life Achievement Award by the International Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology for his enormous influence as a ps ychotherapist and author. wglasser. com) William Glasser’s methods of psychity are very useful. He teaches people to love them self and others. If you have a so called mental illness he tries to get to the under lying cause believing that you only have a mental illness if it can be proven by Drs. Glasser still does speaking about his theories. Works cited 1. William Glasser Institute. Oct. 6, 2009. [www. wglasser. com] 2. Glasser, William. Reality Therapy. New York. Harper& Row 1990.

Advanced Principles and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced Principles and Practice - Essay Example It is no doubt that the company will undergo a lot of losses due to an injury that could be avoided by simply following the rules. The government has Health and Safety practitioners whose responsibility is to ensure that the organisations adhere to these rules and regulations. They interpret the rules to the employers and ensure that they follow them constantly. It has been argued that the practitioners are interested in preventing law suites against employers of companies rather than protecting the workforce when they ensure that the rules are adhered to. Like all other countries, the UK has not been left behind in ensuring safety for workers and for this reason it has its own Health and Safety legislation. It is also important to look at the competency of the Health and Safety practitioners to know if they have the right skills and knowledge to fully interpret the rules. The United Kingdom has the primary document that set out the health and safety regulations in occupations; Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. The Act ensures that it has fully explained the regulations that all types of companies are expected to follow. It mainly protects people at work according to the activities they are carrying out. It should be noted that not all regulations can be employed by all departments or companies. The regulations depend on the activities each department or company is undertaking. For instance a bank will have an emergency door in case of fire but one can not find protective clothing against emission of dangerous fumes like in a factory that is producing paper or making plastic bags (Colin, 2004, pp. 120-160). Common Health and Safety Regulations There are common rules that every employer despite the kind of company must adhere to. First of all, every employer has the responsibility of ensuring that practicable Health and Safety rules are in existence within the organisation. The rules and regulations should aim at protecting all employees. The employer needs to ensure that there is maintenance of the plant and all working systems or machines. Constant maintenance will prevent accidents that can be caused by break down of various machines. It is important to ensure maintenance such as changing roofs, mending floors to prevent the risk of falling down, pipe leakages and so on (Colin, 2004, pp. 120-160) . Every company needs to have training sessions for their employees on how to employ safety rules as they work. Training is done when employees are just joining the organisation. Employees are trained on how to handle machines and tools within the organisation. They are also trained on where to find protective clothing and how to handle them. There is need to carry out training of employees so that they can know where they can find First Aid tool kits and emergency doors. When a new machine is introduced within the company, then the workforce needs to know how to handle it and its maintenance to prevent accidents that can be brought about by neglecting it. It is the responsibility of the employer to train its employees in First Aid measures to help in case an accident occurs. Employees can be given training on how to behave in case there is a fire. They can be taught how to use fire extinguishers and the emergency water pipes. A drill can be used by Health and Safety practitioners to c heck if a company can respond well in case of fire emergency. It can see if the company has fire sensors that immediately release water when there is emission of smoke, emergency exit doors and fire extinguishers. Sometimes employees can decide not to follow the safety rules employed by the company, thus the employer can decide to appoint a supervisor who understands the

Role of poultry in the global supply of meat Literature review

Role of poultry in the global supply of meat - Literature review Example There will be techniques discussed to prevent the animals from catching diseases and consumers to consume diseased meat. Lastly, the paper will also look at the advantages of consuming some poultry products like chicken. Role of Poultry in the Global Supply of Meat Breeding of Poultry Capper (2011) elucidates the different types of breeding techniques and names four of the most common types. In-breeding, line-breeding, out-crossing and out-breeding are the most common ones. In-breeding refers to the type of technique where animals that are close relatives are bred together. Line-breeding refers to breeding of animals that are not from the immediate family but could be distant relatives. The family line is the same but relationship is rather distant. Out-crossing is the crossing of animals especially dogs that is related to line breeding but the lines are completely distinct from one another. Out-breeding on the other hand is the breeding of animals that are from different lines. The animals are not the product of line-breeding. Capper (2011) is of the opinion that the demand for poultry products has increased in the past few years and resources like land and water to meet the demands have decreased. The production of livestock has to increase if the global demands are to be met and animal breeding must support it. Capper (2011) proposes that breeding goals have to be implemented on a more frequent basis. As breeding goals helps to improve characteristic of different species, it will help scientists with disease resistance and development or growth in animals. Delgado (2009) elucidates that growth is one of the most important features of breeding goals resulting to improve animal breeding. An animal that grows faster will be able to produce a larger amount in less time. One such example is the salmon fish in livestock marine. After 7 generations of endeavor, salmons can now be slaughtered at half the time it was done 7 generations before. It also now gives 25% m ore protein. Delgado (2009) believes that the major cost incurred in poultry arises from feeding the animals. The total cost in proportion to other cost of production is around 75%. Delgado (2009) believes that the cost will raise even further more in the future as more animal breeding takes place. Because of environment factors the prices of are also expected to rise. Production and reproduction will become more important than ever. Thus productivity traits will become a major part of the breeding goals not only for food purposes but also for the environment. Yoav & Soller (2013) believe an animal welfare is very important in achieving breeding goals. There should be proper breeding centers build in different localities for the purpose of breeding them. They could be far away from the cities but should have two major things. Firstly it should have all the necessary resources like food, medication and other health benefits to make sure that the animal receives proper treatment and s econdly the environment where they are made to breed must be clean, pollution free and fit for the animals in every other sense. Yoav & Soller (2013) believe that animal welfare is not only advantageous for the animals but it also has great many advantages for man. An animal that grows in a healthy environment receiving medication will unlikely be a threat to human life after when being consumed. Scientist in recent years has blamed the local farmers for the lack of responsibility

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Assignment Example 1. Most Important Marketing Component A proper and complete Marketing plan consists of all the components as they complement each other and together have a direct impact on the product’s performance in the market. Amongst every component, Promotion can be considered as the most important component of the marketing mix as it actually drives the consumers’ purchase decisions as put by Kyambalesa, (2000) in his book  Marketing in the 21st Century: Concepts, Challenges, and Imperatives. Promotions are the only way through which the consumers can be made aware of any brand and the values which it promises to deliver. By using a full 3600 advertising campaign with strong brand activation campaigns, a company can ensure that the customers are fully aware of the offering which will directly result into sales and revenue for the company (Egan, 2007). 2. Component of Marketing Plan: Importance of Implementation and Controls As explained by Egan, (2007) in his book  Marketing communications, promotional campaigns are the strongest mode of communication between a marketer and the consumer. A strong promotional campaign is of no value to the company and the brand is it is not accurately and effectively implemented.

Business analytics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business analytics - Research Paper Example Imagine an organization in which the marketing department requires key reports from the technology department. Clearly, the issue of latency can be a factor that can delay essential decision making. With the boom of e-commerce, this has become even more pivotal. For many decades, companies have established itself as one of the most premiere companies internationally. Business Analytics (2014) In order to harness the growth of customers worldwide, McDonald’s has created data warehousing that has allowed the company to understand the customers, track inventory, and monitor financials. All of these components are integrated in one dashboard that has harnessed BI. A centralized information from all the sources (e.g. point-of-sale (POS) system, equipment monitoring, etc) where all sorts of information, real-time feeds and legacy information, can be monitored and analyzed in most efficient and precise way via data warehousing. Oracle ERP system, which can handle most day-to-day business functions, would serve as the hub. POS and other devices use business Analytics software to gather sales information and marketing data, which is then transferred to an Oracle database for analysis would help organizations have robust information of their business processes and assist them monitoring the progress of their business in the terms of sales, revenues, inventory management, staff allocation, location of the business in terms of which is profitable or unprofitable, and also gives them the head start to mitigate any risk.

Role Played by Community Programmes in Shaping Education Dissertation

Role Played by Community Programmes in Shaping Education - Dissertation Example From the report it is clear that  community programs are those programs undertaken outside the classroom that contribute to the social well-being of students. Most community programs involve both the students and members of the public, especially the society living around the school. The students play an important role of making their contribution towards making the society a better place while at the same time developing their social skills through interactions with other people from outside the precincts of the school. Community programmes in education bring together individuals from learning environments and the community in a common activity for the benefit of the society. Therefore, the context of this research is both in institutions of learning as well as in the community with which they are involved.  According to the study findings education touches on every aspect in the life of person. In that regard, it is essential to understand what it entails. Education entails tra ining of individuals to improve their academic, psychological and social development. In that case, schools and other institutions of learning strive to put together a combination of programs that would assist in the development of a complete student by the time they finish school.  This research shall employ both a quantitative and qualitative approach, based on the nature of information acquired through the research. These approach involves the unification of adequate research practices with theoretical bases in research.

Is Iran a Threat to the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Iran a Threat to the US - Research Paper Example Secondly, US has its military bases around Iran. It will not be easy for Iran to initiate an attack. Thirdly, if an armed war begins, Iran will receive lesser support and aids compared to the US. Fourthly, Iran is inferior to the US in terms of technology, war strategy, organization and resources. Lastly, no nuclear weapon produced is in Iran. Hence, US must not worry about any menace of nuclear weapons. The US has been experiencing a state of uncertainty and concern due to the economic meltdown. One can trace several reasons behind it like mismanagement in industries, constrictions in credit marketing, an extravagance of public officials’, inadequate high-risk loan policies. The result is that it is striving hard to maintain a balance between market response, materialistic outlooks of Americans, meeting the energy requirements and financial stability to US’s economy. As because the US consumes 20% oil produced annually and a major part of it comes from Iran and its surrounding Arab countries. Therefore an armed war will deepen its economic crisis and lead the US to a more paltry condition.ii Relations with Iran have currently determined the political scenario in the US. This was most evident during the presidential electoral polls. Its diplomatic relations with Iran and Iraq was so vital that the competing candidates even declared their ways of handling the Iran situation at the Republican Presidential debate. However, veterans like Ron Paul from the US House of the Representatives and Herman Cain, chairman of FRB were against US military invasion. Global politics depends much on the US. Thus, US’s policy with Iran would determine the distribution of power. iii Until now, US is playing diplomatically by exchanging hard-line statements with Iran and advising its allies to maintain a good relationship with important oil- supporters like Iran.  If in arms- war, Iran and its allies, chiefly the Gulf countries will withdraw exports to the US, chiefly oil.  Ã‚  

Pythagorean Quadratic Essay Example for Free

Pythagorean Quadratic Essay The Pythagorean Theorem was termed after Pythagoras, who was a well-known Greek philosopher and mathematician, and the Pythagorean Theorem is one of the first theorems identified in ancient civilizations. â€Å"The Pythagorean theorem says that in any right triangle the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse† (Dugopolski, 2012, p. 366 para. 8). For this reason, many builders from various times throughout history have used this theorem to assure that their foundations were laid out with right angles. In this assignment, we will use the example of locating a treasure using two different treasure maps as the two points needed to determine how many paces it will take to find the exact location to start digging for treasure. For this assignment, we are given instructions to solve problem number 98 from page 371 in Elementary and Intermediate Algebra, which states that Ahmed’s treasure map specifies that the treasure can be found 2x +6 steps from Castle Rock and Vanessa’s half indicates to walk x steps heading north, then 2x + 4 steps toward the east (Dugopolski, 2012). We need use the Pythagorean Theorem to figure out what variable x would be if they were to work together and combine their information. The Pythagorean Theorem indicates that a right triangle has legs with the length of a and b and the longest side of the triangle, the hypotenuse, as the length of c. Thus, the relationship with these lengths is the short equation of a2 + b2 = c2 The issue now is that one of the answers is extraneous, because it does not satisfy this specific scenario. The reason for this is that logically we would not take negative steps to reach a certain point or in a geometric situation, we cannot move a negative distance (Dugopolski, 2012). This means that -2 will not work for this equation, so the only answer we are left with is x = 10 paces. In summary, Vanessa’s portion of the map tells us that the treasure is located 10 paces north and 2x + 4 = 2(10) + 4= 24 paces east of Castle Rock. While Ahmed’s map tells us to take 2x + 6 = 2(10) + 6= 26 paces heading directly towards the rock. The Pythagorean Theorem is a very useful tool when we have a right-angled triangle and know the lengths of at least two sides, because it enables us to determine the length of the third side. On television, many of us have seen how important determining the trajectory of a bullet is to a crime scene, so it would be extremely critical to understand this theorem if your career was as a crime scene investigators. Another career that uses this theorem is an architect who would use this for a home’s triangular rooftop. One of the more commonly every day uses is with navigation, although many of us simply rely on our navigational systems, we could still pinpoint our location if we have two points to start with. ? Reference Dugopolski, M. (2012). Elementary and Intermediate Algebra (4th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing.

Dairy Farming In India Marketing Essay

Dairy Farming In India Marketing Essay This Applied Research Project is requirement for the researchers studies in MBA in Community Economic Development Program at Cape Breton University. This ARP is the final assessment and must for the completion of this MBA Program. This Applied Research Project is mainly focused on discussing about effectiveness of co-operative model for dairy farming in Tamil Nadu, India. About Dairy Farming: Milk is defined as the lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more mammalian animals. Dairy farming is a part of agriculture, practiced to produce milk which is generally from dairy cows, and also from sheep, camel, and goat. Dairy industry is a highly important component of food industry, which buys raw milk refrigerated for farmers to normalize by transforming and distributing it (Moran H. , 2005). Usually, the milk is processed in a dairy factory or on the dairy farm itself. From hand milking the cows to machine milking, milk production has developed immensely with latest technologies. Dairy farming has been done all over the world, but most of the countries which produce milk consume internally. New Zealand is one of leading countries which export dairy products, whereas India is the largest milk producing country in the world. Indian dairy sector contributes a major share towards the total gross revenue from livestock sector and holds an enormous potential to bring about rapid economic growth, particularly for the benefit of the weaker sections and the rural poor. Livestock production has been, and will remain for many decades, one of the most important economic and social activities of human culture in developing countries where hundreds of millions of people depend either directly or indirectly on livestock-based activities (Preston and Murugueitio 1992). Dairy Farming in India In 2010, dairy industry is the second largest food industry in India in terms of revenue behind meat industry. In 2010, the largest dairy company operating within the country in terms of annual global sales is Nestle with $ 18.6 billion revenue. Dairy farmers produce largest staple food in the world i.e. Milk. The quality and safety of milk and its derivatives are directly related to conditions of hygiene and environment. Good hygiene practices help to improve the quality and value of the product and fundamentally determine the success or failure of a dairy farm. At present, the protection of health and animal welfare are provided by a comprehensive program of udder hygiene and processes in livestock bio-security program. These programs help dairy farmers to: Optimize milk yield, quality and price of milk Improve operating profits Decrease the infection pressure on the dairy herd Maintain a high level of animal welfare The function of cooperatives in dairy farming is studied along with the impact of the cooperatives in dairy farming. Milk production is one of the most important elements of agriculture in India. During the past 5 years, farms in India increased their total production by 86%. The level of milk production in 2011 increased by 5.4 tons and was 136.4 thousand tons (104.1% compared to last year). Average yield in the region is 2,717 kg per cow, which is 272 kg more than previous year. At the same time dairy farming area in contrast to the poultry industry is the sector in which the performance is far from self-sufficient (Ruricola, 2009). Milk production per capita in the region is 200 kg per year. Dairy farming is growing and modernizing in India. Beginning in 2006, 34 major farms were built in India pursuing new and remodeled milk production of 20.4 thousand with loose housing of cattle and milking parlor. It also included newly constructed 10 dairy complexes with a capacity of 10.8 thousand cows. In addition, the modernization of livestock buildings has been replacing milking equipment (Berentsen, Kovacs, Asseldonk, 2012). As a result, compared to the year 2011 level of comprehensive mechanization of dairy farming has increased in the region from 36% to 60%. Technical and technological modernization of the industry continues. Dairy Farming at International Level and Genomics: Dairy farming at international level has also been receiving increasing attention. In June 2009, among the first countries in the world, France began publish its first official genomic index for dairy cattle. German dairy sector has decoded and located some of the tens of thousands of genes of an animal and use this information to genetic selection. Today, the genetic value can be estimated directly from a simple blood from the birth of the calf in several countries of the world. This method is very interesting for the strategy selection of each farmer in particular for functional traits and breeding qualities. Since 2009, seed bulls whose genetic value is obtained from their genotypes are available in catalogs selections have been developed in Eastern Europe. In addition, genomic selection can be much more efficient in selection on functional traits, poorly considered by the selection of offspring by providing breeders specific genetic values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for males as for females. In a classic selection scheme progeny, the cost of evaluating a bull was about 40,000. Therefore, use in large numbers of seeds per bull led to a sharp increase in the risk of inbreeding level in the French and international dairy herd. Genomics can increase the diversity of available bulls. In addition, the bulls are replaced by younger much faster pace, which is also favorable to the maintenance of genetic variability. Literature Review: The Concept of Dairy Cooperatives A dairy cooperative is a business owned by milk producers and co-partners who must meet their economic, professional and training needs. A dairy cooperative is a collective enterprise where milk producers have pooled their investments to take control of their business because they are convinced that we can succeed better together than individually. A dairy cooperative is a business built on solidarity, responsibility, fairness and transparency. The cooperative and their associates reach solidarity as they form a community of people sharing the same project and the same interests. They also share the profits and risks. The cooperative has the mission to promote the best possible milk co-associates, who in turn, are financially responsible for their cooperative. All partners are co-treated with fairness, according to the same rules and with the same rights described in the constitution and bylaws of the cooperative. The Board of Directors of the cooperative is elected by the general meeting of cooperative partners and provides the associated elements for co-decide in open and transparent relationships. A dairy cooperative is a business that secures its associated producers through an indivisible collective ownership of all its members-cooperators. It does not belong to each individual in proportion to its shareholding. A cooperative dairy farm is an extension of his associates-cooperators. Its mandatory activities are related to milk his co-partners, collecting the milk, processing it into products and marketing these products. A dairy cooperative aims to maximize the value of its associated activities and therefore co-add the most value to the milk produced on their farms. Like any business, is a dairy cooperative in competitive markets with other companies. It is therefore required to be competitive. A dairy cooperative may be the size of a multinational listed among the world leaders in the sector or the size of a SME-VSE with local or regional activities. She may have a dozen or several thousand-associated cooperators. Cooperative status is neither an advantage nor a handicap t o growth and abroad. Cooperative Principles The Cooperatives throughout the world function with same core principles. They are 1) Cooperation among Cooperatives The Cooperative movement is strengthened by functioning collectively all the way through local, national, international structures to serve their members most effectively. 2) Voluntary and Open Membership Cooperatives are voluntary groups, where everyone can utilize its services and should be willing to accept membership responsibilities. 3) Autonomy and Independence Cooperatives are self -governing, autonomous organizations guarded by their members. The cooperatives autonomy is surpassed when a co-op enters into agreement with other groups or raises funds with outside resource. 4) Concern for Community The Cooperatives work for sustainable growth of communities through procedures and programs acknowledged by members. 5) Education, Training and Information Cooperatives offer education and training to its members, representatives and employees to successfully contribute the growth of particular cooperatives. Also, the members educate the nature and benefits of these cooperatives to the general public in the community. 6) Members Economic Participation All the members in the cooperative contribute evenly to democratically manage, the funds in the organization. This creates equality among the members rather than creating unevenness in the cooperative. 7) Democratic Member Control Cooperatives are independent organizations controlled by their members. They are the ones, who purchase the commodities and utilize the service from the cooperative. Also, these members vigorously contribute in creating policies and making decisions. Dairy Cooperatives International Context Dairy cooperatives collect more than half of the milk in France. Dairy cooperation model is very predominant in other countries that are major producers of milk, such as Germany, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Denmark. In the international context, it represents a specific framework in terms of rights, obligations and governance. A dairy cooperative has made a contract of joint obligations associated with each cooperator. The partner-cooperator agrees to give its milk to the cooperative for a fixed term and renewable. Cooperative undertakes, in return, to collect all the milk which is provided to enhance the milk and the associated pay-cooperator. Only the partner-cooperator has the option to terminate the contract in each case. The cooperative does not have that option, unless serious reasons justifying exclusion. A dairy cooperative is legally binding and is a tax paying entity. In several countries of the world, it lies in the category of partnerships because it is the extension of holdings of its associates. Partnerships are distinct from limited liability companies such as SAS or SA. A dairy cooperative is a business that must be consistent with the statutes model statutes approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. They must also be approved by the High Council for Agricultural Cooperation. A dairy cooperative is a company whose directors are partners, co-workers, elected by their peers in general meeting. In emerging economies of the world like Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, a dairy cooperative is a community of men and women whose activities maintain or develop, direct and indirect, in rural areas: Employment, trade, social ties, in short the vitality Farms, cultures, landscapes, biodiversity short Terroirs, crafts, traditions, milk and cheese, short identities. Dairy cooperatives have accelerated the concentration in the milk sector in European countries. Two cooperatives West Eurial and Agrial, announced Friday the approximation of their dairy operations by 2014. The new entity, called Eurial, will be the second in France after dairy cooperative Sodiaal and the sixth player in the sector, dominated by private groups. Eurial collect 2 billion liters of milk from producers 5200 members realize a turnover of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 billion and employ 3600 employees combined. No redundancies are planned. This strategic alliance is designed to face the prospect of the end of milk quotas, scheduled for 2015. It encourages the French to find growth opportunities internationally and to prepare such a strong demand from China milk powder. Some major players in the sector are weakened. Sodiaal in trouble on his milk Candia, announced the elimination of 300 jobs, or 20% of the workforce. For the future, the cooperative is associated with the Chinese group Synutra, with whom she has invested in Britain to create a milk drying plant Problems in Indian Dairy Farming and the Need for Cooperatives: It is noteworthy that in view of all the disadvantages in smallholders, especially the small-scale. It is important to create a class of family farmers through cooperatives to improve their competitiveness (Ven Keulen, 2007). This is possible only if the number of dairy cows is more than 30 per each family member. In todays form of family farms operating as cooperatives, productivity can be improved through these measures. On such farms on average per employee per day is 40-60 liters of marketable milk that goes to implementation. These farms are very sensitive to the rising cost of diesel fuel and electricity. Since, costs of milk production can be brought down by seeking cooperative behavior. Farmers drive their cows to pasture and seek to maintain low cost operations. In winter, these farms produce milk around 300 liters and in the summer production range at 1-8 tons. In Indian dairy farm sector, the production is very low-tech (Singh, 2001). For lack of flash cooling capacity, automation and disinfection winter, farms produce milk of grade I-II. A small proportion of these farms are equipped with coolers of milk. Most of these farms are already engaged in preparation of feed and have adopted appropriate technique (James, 2010). Majority of these farms employs a lot of manual labor, and the quality of the milk produced is stable and meets class I. The main problem of Indian farms is low productivity even though farmers on these farms work seven days a week. Farm economy and mortgage framework does not allow for increased production. The fourth type of dairy farms in India is the modern industrial farms. As a rule, these farms are built in the open field (Singh, 2001). The possibility in these farms is of dilution and spoilage of milk. During the last five years, productivity of milkmaids has increased. During the agrarian crisis in India, a slowdown in the growth of agriculture created a vicious circle of falling productivity of land and livestock, which lowered product quality, increased complexity, formed multiple lag wages and even deteriorated social development of rural regions. Presence of a cooperative in such situations would have helped in arresting the downward spiral. This is evidenced by international experience, because a similar pattern was shown in the 70s and early 80s in the US and in other periods in other countries. Thus, the agricultural organizations of rural India would help to improve the standard of living in the region. That is a decrease of agricultural labor substitution industry, reduces the level of mechanization of labor. Thus, the translation process is constrained by the industry on an industrial basis. When dairy farming is organized, savings of total labor costs in dairy farming becomes particularly important due to stabilization and further increases in productivity are not possible without a significant reduction in production costs. The most active and transformative impact on the entire system of factors of productivity in the industry provides scientific and technical progress. In particular, the shift from labor-saving technologies to resource aimed primarily at saving energy and raw materials is important. Thus, cooperatives in Indian dairy farming can help in improving the material and technical base of agriculture, materializing scientific achievements in high-performance means of production, creating new opportunities for forward movement of labor productivity growth and contributing to the emergence of new reserves to reduce the total cost of labor in the production of milk. Thus, the greatest influence of formation of cooperatives in Indian dairy farming sector can be on the productivity of labor, material interest of workers in the industry, the level of livestock feeding, reproduction, herd concentration of milk production and the introduction of comprehensive mechanization of the main production processes on the farms. Calculations show that if after the formation of cooperative, dairy farms achieve an average level of utilization of productive resources, the labor cost savings would amount to 407.4 thousand man-hours, or 10.2% of the labor costs of production. One of the important organizational and economic factors for increasing productivity is to control production costs. Although in farm planning tools focus on the immediate direct producers. In the establishment of farm market special attention should be given to flexibility in planning and adapting to the changing economic conditions. This requires dairy farm owners to create common technical approaches for the development of standards of production costs on the articles and items for different levels of animal productivity. This allows, firstly, more efficient use of labor and material resources, identification of the available reserves of labor productivity growth, labor used in the optimal level of labor intensity, and to determine scientifically the complexity and cost of production, productivity growth and the need for in the labor force in the industry for the future. The use of modern information technologies in their calculation significantly reduces the amount of computation al work carried out; simplify billing system, which ultimately reduces the period of their development. Economically feasible rations for animals are the basis of effective management. Since the nutritional diet consists of a different set of feeds, one needs to select the best feeding option, that is, one that would meet the biological needs for nutrients and have a minimum cost. Cooperative in Indian dairy farm sector may support in this regard. Regulations on feed consumption of cattle head should be supported at different levels of animal productivity in physical and value terms. Such standards should be developed by the dairy cooperative because it also serves a watch-dog industry. The main benefit of cooperative dairy farming is consulting and educational services in the field of dairy farming. It is believed that the effective management of production must keep pace with the times. Therefore, all efforts are focused on enterprise development through the use of modern technologies and adapting them to Indian conditions. Based on collective experience, cooperatives have made the success achieved as a result of those enterprises, specialists who are constantly improving their skills working with animals. Many of cooperatives learn best from their mistakes. But in the dairy business, it may be too expensive. Using the services of professional experts, cooperatives will save both time and money required to achieve farming goals. Experience working with dairy farms, especially those who are beginning to work on new technologies, shows that very often skilled enough of the knowledge that they already have, for professional work with animals. In operation, there are various issues related to housing, feeding and reproduction of dairy cows, etc. Sometimes it is better to get an answer to a question in order to understand a specialist in the right direction it is moving. One of the main problems in the Indian dairy industry is feeding. In particular, the correct calculation of rations on the basis of the farm feed. Cooperatives expert nutritionists can balance rations for the cows, based on the availability of feed and regional characteristics. Social Experiment: In a day-to- day basis, farmers are facing several challenges and these challenges can be rectified through applying and following Community Economic Development concepts. I am going to explain my own experience about milk production in my community and how CED concepts guided the farmers in a sustainable position. Milk production is one of the most common farming methods in Tamil Nadu region. This dairy cooperative is located in a village called Ponnapuram in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu. Few years ago, farmers have to go to private dairy farms or directly to people house to sell their milk products. Through this, farmers were not getting good amount of profit as prices were fixed by those private dairy farms and there was interference of the middleman. Farmers had no other choice in those days than selling for the price fixed by a middleman. Farmers faced a huge challenge to get reasonable profit and also to take care of their animals. As many other villages in Tamil Nadu, farmers in my community are more dependent on a milk production. Few years ago, one of the community activists in Ponnapuram who is also a farmer, involved in milk production for more than 20 years gathered all milk producing farmers for a meeting. He discussed about the situation of farmers in the community and motivated them to work towards a common goal, which is the economic development of all farmers and the community. He gave an idea of community owned cooperative, where it operates as a trading center for farmers to sell their milk products. Everyone in the community agreed to this program and they stopped supplying milk to private dairy farms directly. He collected a small amount of money from each farmer which is affordable and formed an office like community owned cooperative. He created certain policies which will benefit the farmers as well as the community are as follows. i) Created membership for all milk producing farmers in the co mmunity, ii) Farmers meet once in a month to discuss about the price and they will set an mutually agreed price for the products, iii) Farmers should not sell their products to any other third parties and everything should go through the community cooperative. This community owned cooperative directly or indirectly follows certain core principles of cooperatives in their group. Voluntary and Open Membership This dairy cooperative is open to all members of the community without any discrimination of gender, religion and financial status. Autonomy and Independence This dairy cooperative is totally autonomous and members in the community are very much aware of what agreements with other organizations will affect the functions and purpose of this cooperative. Education, Training and Information Senior members of the cooperative educate and demonstrate the techniques of dairy farming to the new and young people who involve in dairy farming. Also, Veterinary camps are being held every 3 months to create awareness for maintaining the Cattles. So now, all the private dairy farms in the community have to come to the cooperative for milk and they cant have any rights in fixing the price for the milk products. Initially, it was difficult for the farmers to make this program successful, but in few months farmers benefited through the cooperative. Cooperative will have a small amount of profit from that milk products which they sell to dairy farms and farmers decided to spend that money for maintenance of cattles. Ponnapuram Community has nearly 300 families involved in this dairy farming and all those people doing dairy farming are members of this cooperative. For more than 2 years now, this community owned cooperative has been successfully benefiting the farmers and enhancing their living standards through Community Economic Development. This is a great example for every other community and farmers who are facing several challenges in a day-to-day basis.